Different Types of Renewable Energy
is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
The following source of renewable energy ;
- Solar power
- Biomass
- Wave/ tidal power
- Magnet self running
- Wind power
- Biofuel
- Hydro power
- Water current turning propeller
- Heat recovery process
- Peltier module -seebeck effect
- Electrolysis process
Renewable energy resources and significant opportunities for
energy efficiency exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in significant energy security and economic benefits.It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States. Renewable energy sources, that derive their energy from the sun, either directly or indirectly, such as hydro and wind, are expected to be capable of supplying humanity energy for almost another 1 billion years, at which point the predicted increase in heat from the sun is expected to make the surface of the earth too hot for liquid water to exist.
BENEFITS USING RENEWABLE ENERGY
Less global warming
Human activity is overloading our atmosphere with carbon dioxide and other global warming emissions. These gases act like a blanket, trapping heat. The result is a web of significant and harmful impacts, from stronger, more frequent storms, to drought, sea level rise, and extinction.
Improved public health
The air and water pollution emitted by coal and natural gas plants is linked with breathing problems, neurological damage, heart attacks, cancer, premature death, and a host of other serious problems. The pollution affects everyone.
Most of these negative health impacts come from air and water pollution that clean energy technologies simply don’t produce. Wind, solar, and hydroelectric systems generate electricity with no associated air pollution emissions. Geothermal and biomass systems emit some air pollutants, though total air emissions are generally much lower than those of coal- and natural gas-fired power plants.
In addition, wind and solar energy require essentially no water to operate and thus do not pollute water resources or strain supplies by competing with agriculture, drinking water, or other important water needs. In contrast, fossil fuels can have a significant impact on water resources: both coal mining and natural gas drilling can pollute sources of drinking water, and all thermal power plants, including those powered by coal, gas, and oil, withdraw and consume water for cooling.
Biomass and geothermal power plants, like coal- and natural gas-fired power plants, may require water for cooling. Hydroelectric power plants can disrupt river ecosystems both upstream and downstream from the dam. However, NREL's 80-percent-by-2050 renewable energy study, which included biomass and geothermal, found that total water consumption and withdrawal would decrease significantly in a future with high renewables .
Inexhaustible energy
Strong winds, sunny skies, abundant plant matter, heat from the earth, and fast-moving water can each provide a vast and constantly replenished supply of energy. A relatively small fraction of US electricity currently comes from these sources, but that could change: studies have repeatedly shown that renewable energy can provide a significant share of future electricity needs, even after accounting for potential constraints .
Stable energy prices
Renewable energy is providing affordable electricity across the country right now, and can help stabilize energy prices in the future.
Although renewable facilities require upfront investments to build, they can then operate at very low cost (for most clean energy technologies, the “fuel” is free). As a result, renewable energy prices can be very stable over time.
Reliability and resilience
Wind and solar are less prone to large-scale failure because they are distributed and modular. Distributed systems are spread out over a large geographical area, so a severe weather event in one location will not cut off power to an entire region. Modular systems are composed of numerous individual wind turbines or solar arrays. Even if some of the equipment in the system is damaged, the rest can typically continue to operate.
What is the most promising renewable sources ?
------REFERENCES------For years, there has been a push to find alternative energy sources that will replace the use of fossil fuels. However, there really has not been a lot of movement towards making the replacement permanently on a large scale. Yes, many smaller entities and even households are doing a great job relying on renewable energy sources, but as a whole, the United States has not made much progress and fossil fuels are still very much the energy source of choice.We all know one day these fossil fuels will run out. At that time, we will have no choice but to find alternatives or our way of life will completely change. Luckily, there has been a lot of work on renewable energy sources. There are many systems in place that are being tested and refined to help create something that would work on a large scale.Still, renewable energy has been slow going. This is mostly due to the limitations. Regardless of which type of renewable energy you are talking about, it has limitations. It does not have the same reliability or even accessibility as fossil fuels, which is probably why we haven’t made a serious move to use renewable energy over fossil fuels. Looking towards the future, though, there are two renewable energy sources that seem to stand out as the most likely to take the place of fossil fuels. These are solar energy and hydropower.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_resource
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=solar_home
https://eco-officegals.com/
https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/public-benefits-of-renewable-power#.Wmt4fPmWaM8
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SOLAR POWER -THE CLEANLIEST SOURCE OF ENERGY..
Renewable energy tend to be unlimited resources,nearly zero pollution and powered by natural resources like sun,wind and water.
But, what is the most cleanliest renewable source of energy?
Many of us aware that solar energy is the most promising and greener source of energy because of its zero pollution effect and offers a carbon free alternative to traditional fossils fuels.
Sunlight is everywhere...
Sunlight is unlimited....
Sunlight is zero pollution...
However, due to high demand and less production of solar panel price cost grow inevitably .
Choosing efficient solar panels is necessary to maximize and valued your money.
Solar panels has many types depends on your required application and choice of preference.
Did you know that 90 percent of the worlds PV ( photovoltaics ) today are based on some variation of silicon.About 95 % of all shipments to the residential sector were crystalline silicon panels.
The silicon used in photovoltaic takes many forms.The main difference is the purity of the silicon.
What does silicon purity really means?The more perfectly aligned the silicon molecules are,the better the solar cell will be at converting solar energy into electricity .
Here's the list of different type of solar panels:
- MONOCRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELL
-POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELL
-STRING RIBBON SOLAR CELL
-THIN-FILM SOLAR CELL
-AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELL
-CADMIUM TELLURIDE SOLAR CELL
-COPPER INDIUM GALLIUM SOLAR CELL
-BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS
On the other hand,majority of solar panel in outside market are monocrystalline and polycrystalline.Here's the difference of two solar panels considering its efficiency ,operating temperature,durability and space installation.
MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELL
 |
| Monocrystalline solar panel |
- Also called as single-crystalline silicon ( single-crystal-Si )are quite easily recognized by an external even coloring and uniform look,indicating high purity silicon.
Monocrystalline solar cell are made out of silicon ingots,which are cylindrical in shape.To optimized performance and lower cost of a single monocrystalline solar cell,four sides are cut-out of the cylindrical ingots to make silicon wafers,which is what gives monocrystalline panels their characteristic look.
Advantage of Monocrystalline Solar Panels.
- Highest efficiency rates since they are made out of the highest grade silicon.The efficiency rates of monocrystalline solar panels are the are typically 15 - 20 %.
- This solar panels is space efficient and yield the highest power output produce up to four times the amount of electricity as thin film solar panels.
- Monocrystalline solar panels live the longest ,tend to perform better than similarly rated polycrystalline solar panels at low light condition.
Disadvantage of Monocrystalline solar panels .
- The most expansive solar panel
- If the solar panel is partially covered with shade,dirt or snow the entire circuit can be break down.
- This panel also more efficient in warm weather.
 |
| Polycrystalline solar panel |
-The first solar panel based on polycrystalline silicon,which also known as polysilicon (p-si) and multi-crystalline silicon (mc-si),were introduces to the market in 1981.
Raw silicon is melted and poured into square mold,which is cooled and cut into perfectly square wafers.
Advantage of polycrystalline solar panels.
- The process used to make polycrystalline silicon is simpler and cost less,the amount of waste silicon is less compared to monocrystalline.
- Tend to have slightly lower heat tolerance than monocrsytalline solar panels.This technically means that they perform slightly worse than mono-crystalline solar panels in high temperature.Heat can affect the performance of solar panels and shorten their lifespan.
- The efficiency of the polycrystalline - based solar panels is typically 13- 16 %.Because of lower silicon purity.
- Lower space efficiency .You generally need to cover a larger surface to output the same electrical power as you would with a solar panel made of mono-crystalline silicon.
STRING RIBBON SOLAR CELL
 |
| String ribbon solar cell |
- String ribbon solar panels are also made out of poly-crystalline silicon.String ribbon is the name of a manufacturing technology
that produces a form of poly-crystalline silicon.Temperature-resistant wires are pulled through molten silicon,which result in very thin silicon ribbons.
Advantage of string ribbon solar cell.
- The manufacturing of string ribbon solar panels only uses half the amount silicon as monocrystalline manufacturing .This contributes to lower cost.
Disadvantages of string ribbon solar cell
- The manufacturing of string ribbon solar cell is significantly more energy extensive and more costly.
- The efficiency is at best on par with the low-end polycrystalline solar panel at around 13-14%,the panels have the lowest efficiency of any the main types of crystalline based solar panels.
THIN FILM SOLAR CELL ( TFSC )
 |
| Thin film solar cell |
-Depositing one or several thin layers of photovoltaic material onto a substrate is the basic gits of how thin film solar cell are manufactured. They are also known as thin film photovoltaic cell
( TFPV ).The different types of thin-film solar cell can be categorized by which photovoltaic material is deposited onto the substrate.
- Amorphous silicon (a-Si )
- Cadmium telluride ( CdTe )
- Copper indium gallium selenide ( CIS/CIGS )
- Organic photovoltaic cells (OPC)
Depending on the technology ,thin film module prototype have reached efficiencies between 7-13% and production modules operate at about 9 - 16%.
Advantage of Thin Film solar cell
- Mass production is simple.This makes them and potentially cheaper to manufacture than crystalline - based solar cells.
- Can be made flexible which opens up many new potential application.
- High temperature and shading have less impact in solar panel performance.
Disadvantage of Thin film solar cell.
- Not useful in residential application,They are cheap but required a lot of space.
- Thin Film solar panels tend to degrade faster than mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline solar panel.
AMORPHOUS SILICON (a-Si ) Solar Cells
 |
| Amorphous silicon solar cell |
With a manufacturing technique called "stacking" several layers of amorphous silicon solar cells can be combined,which result in higher efficiency rates typically around 6-8%.CADMIUM TELLURIDE ( CdTe ) Solar cell
 |
| Cadmium telluride solar cell |
The efficiency of solar panel based on cadmium telluride usually operates in the range of 9-11%.COPPER INDIUM GALLIUM SELENIDE ( CIS/CIGS) solar cell
 |
| Copper indium gallium selenide |
The efficiency rate of the CGIS solar panels typically operate in the range 10-12%.
Now, that we already mentioned all the different types of solar panels we as end user will choose the best types of solar panel base on what application we need.
Always take into account the safety rather than aesthetic of installation. Authorized or license practitioner are the best person qualified to do your job..
Good Luck !! Be free to energy...
References: www.wikipedia.com
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I.) Did you know Peltier device?
II.) How does Peltier device look like?
III.) How does Peltier device work?
IV.) What is the use of Peltier device?
Before i start to describe Peltier device let us first remember our college topic about P-N junction.
P-Protons ( + )
N-Neutrons ( - )
..this two junction has a vital role in peltier effect.
PELTIER EFFECT - is a temperature difference created by applying a direct current voltage between two electrodes ,thermal energy is moved through it as well.When current flows through the junction of the two conductors heat is removed at one junction and cooling occurs.
Main application of the peltier effect is cooling.However,it can also be used for heating or control temperature.I.) Peltier device can use as alternative source of energy by
applying heat to the substrate plate , small amount of power will be
generated depends on peltier module features.
Also know as thermoelectric device which apply in cooling
purposes like mini-bar in the hotel which keep the stuff chilled.
II.) Image of Peltier or Thermoelectric Module
III.)Peltier device work thru the process of peltier effect this was
been discovered by French physicist Charles Athanase Peltier, the
cooling of one junction and the heating of the other when electric
current is maintain in a circuit of material consisting two
dissimilar conductor.
However, opposite of the peltier effect is seebeck effect.Seebeck
effect was discover by Thomas Johann Seebeck,when heat is
applied to one of the two substrate electron flow toward the cooler
one,then direct current flows through that circuit.
IV.) Peltier or thermoelectric module primarily used in cooling purposes depends on its application.
Applications for thermoelectric modules cover a wide spectrum of product areas. These include equipment used by military, medical, industrial, consumer, scientific/laboratory, and telecommunications organizations. Uses range from simple food and beverage coolers for an afternoon picnic to extremely sophisticated temperature control systems in missiles and space vehicles.
- Avionics
- Black box cooling
- Calorimeters
- CCD (Charged Couple Devices)
- CID (Charge Induced Devices)
- Cold chambers
- Cold plates
- Compact heat exchangers
- Constant temperature baths
- Dehumidifiers
- Dew point hygrometers
- Electronics package cooling
- Electrophoresis cell coolers
- Environmental analyzers
- Heat density measurement
- Ice point references
- Immersion coolers
- Integrated circuit cooling
- Inertial guidance systems
- Infrared calibration sources and black body references
- Infrared detectors
- Infrared seeking missiles
- Laser collimators
- Laser diode coolers
- Long lasting cooling devices
- Low noise amplifiers
- Microprocessor cooling
- Microtome stage coolers
- NEMA enclosures
- Night vision equipment
- Osmometers
- Parametric amplifiers
- Photomultiplier tube housing
- Power generators (small)
- Precision device cooling (lasers and microprocessors)
- Refrigerators and on-board refrigeration systems (aircraft, automobile, boat, hotel, insulin, portable/picnic, pharmaceutical, RV)
- Restaurant portion dispenser
- Self-scanned arrays systems
- Semiconductor wafer probes
- Stir coolers
- Thermal viewers and weapons sights
- Thermal cycling devices (DNA and blood analyzers)
- Thermostat calibrating baths
- Tissue preparation and storage
- Vidicon tube coolers
- Wafer thermal characterization
- Water and beverage coolers
- Wet process temperature controller
- Wine cabinets
Unlike a simple heat sink, a thermoelectric cooler permits lowering the temperature of an object below ambient as well as stabilizing the temperature of objects which are subject to widely varying ambient conditions. A thermoelectric cooler is an active cooling module whereas a heat sink provides only passive cooling.
Thermoelectric coolers generally may be considered for applications that require heat removal ranging from milliwatts up to several thousand watts. Most single-stage TE coolers, including both high and low current modules, are capable of pumping a maximum of 3 to 6 watts per square centimeter (20 to 40 watts per square inch) of module surface area. Multiple modules mounted thermally in parallel may be used to increase total heat pump performance. Large thermoelectric systems in the kilowatt range have been built in the past for specialized applications such as cooling within submarines and railroad cars. Systems of this magnitude are now proving quite valuable in applications such as semiconductor manufacturing lines.
3.2 Typical applications for thermoelectric modules include:
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